Kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic yog cov thev naus laus zis uas ncaj qha hloov lub teeb lub zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv cov nyhuv photovoltaic ntawm lub semiconductor interface. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab no yog lub hnub ci cell. Tom qab lub hnub ci hluav taws xob txuas nrog hauv cov koob, lawv tuaj yeem raug ntim thiab tiv thaiv los ua ib qho chaw loj ntawm lub hnub ci module, thiab tom qab ntawd ua ke nrog cov tswj fais fab thiab lwm yam khoom siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic.
1 Cov nyhuv photovoltaic
Yog tias lub teeb tawm tsam lub hnub ci ntawm lub hnub ci thiab lub teeb yog absorbed ntawm txheej txheej, photons nrog lub zog txaus tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm covalent bonds hauv P-hom thiab N-hom silicon, uas ua rau electron-qhov khub. Cov hluav taws xob thiab qhov nyob ze ntawm txheej txheej txheej yuav raug sib cais los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw tsub nqi ua ntej recombination. Cov hluav taws xob txav mus rau thaj tsam zoo N thiab qhov mus rau thaj tsam P uas tsis zoo. Kev sib cais los ntawm txheej txheej txheej yuav tsim kom muaj qhov ntsuas sab nraud ntawm thaj tsam P thiab N. Lub sijhawm no, electrodes tuaj yeem ntxiv rau ob sab ntawm silicon wafer thiab txuas nrog lub voltmeter. Rau crystalline silicon hnub ci hlwb, tus nqi raug ntawm qhov qhib hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog 0.5 txog 0.6V. Qhov ntau dua electron-qhov khub tsim los ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub interface txheej, qhov ntau dua qhov tam sim no ntws. Lub teeb lub zog ntau dua absorbed los ntawm cov txheej txheem interface, qhov loj dua cov txheej txheem interface, piv txwv li thaj tsam ntawm tes, thiab ntau dua qhov tam sim no tsim nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci cell.
2. Txoj Cai
Lub hnub ci ci rau ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm semiconductor pn los tsim ib lub qhov tshiab-electron khub. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm pn hlws ris hluav taws xob teb, lub qhov ntws los ntawm thaj tsam n mus rau thaj tsam p, thiab cov electrons ntws los ntawm thaj av p mus rau thaj tsam n. Tom qab lub Circuit Court qhib, ib qho tam sim no raug tsim. Qhov no yog li cas photoelectric effect solar cells ua haujlwm.
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci, ib qho yog lub teeb-kub-hluav taws xob hloov dua siab tshiab, thiab lwm qhov yog lub teeb hluav taws xob ncaj qha hloov pauv.
(1) Txoj kev hloov lub teeb-kub-tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv lub zog thermal tsim los ntawm hnub ci hluav taws xob. Feem ntau, lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hloov pauv cov hluav taws xob nqus hluav taws xob rau hauv chav ua haujlwm nruab nrab, thiab tom qab ntawd tsav lub chav turbine los tsim hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem yav dhau los yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb-rau-kub; cov txheej txheem tom kawg yog kev hloov hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob, uas yog tib yam li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal zoo tib yam. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog qhov ua tau zoo heev thiab tus nqi siab. Nws yog kwv yees tias nws cov peev nyiaj tsawg kawg yog siab dua li ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tib yam. Cov chaw nres tsheb fais fab yog 5 mus rau 10 npaug kim dua.
(2) Lub teeb-rau-hluav taws xob hloov pauv ncaj qha txoj kev no siv cov nyhuv photoelectric los hloov lub hnub ci hluav taws xob ncaj qha rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim rau kev hloov pauv lub teeb rau hluav taws xob yog lub hnub ci hlwb. Lub hnub ci cell yog ib qho cuab yeej uas ncaj qha hloov lub hnub ci zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob vim yog cov nyhuv photovoltaic. Nws yog semiconductor photodiode. Thaum lub hnub ci rau ntawm lub photodiode, lub photodiode yuav hloov lub hnub lub teeb lub zog mus rau hauv lub zog hluav taws xob thiab tsim hluav taws xob. tam sim no. Thaum muaj ntau lub hlwb txuas nrog hauv series lossis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hnub ci cell array nrog lub zog tso zis ntau. Hnub ci hlwb yog ib qho kev cog lus tshiab ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob nrog peb qhov zoo: kev ruaj khov, huv thiab yooj. Lub hnub ci hlwb muaj lub neej ua haujlwm ntev. Raws li ntev raws li lub hnub muaj, lub hnub ci hlwb tuaj yeem siv tau ntev nrog ib qho peev; thiab thermal zog, nuclear zog tsim. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lub hnub ci hlwb tsis ua rau ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug.
3. Qhov system muaj pes tsawg leeg
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic yog tsim los ntawm lub hnub ci cell arrays, roj teeb pob, them nyiaj thiab tso tawm cov tswj, inverters, AC fais fab faib khoom, lub hnub nrhiav kev tswj xyuas thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Qee qhov ntawm nws cov khoom siv ua haujlwm yog:
roj teeb array
Thaum muaj teeb pom kev zoo (txawm tias nws yog hnub ci lossis lub teeb tsim los ntawm lwm cov illuminants), lub roj teeb absorbs lub teeb lub zog, thiab cov khoom sib txuam ntawm cov teeb liab sib txawv tshwm sim ntawm ob sab ntawm lub roj teeb, uas yog, "photogenerated voltage" yog generated, uas yog "photovoltaic effect". Raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic, ob qhov kawg ntawm lub hnub ci cell tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas hloov lub teeb lub zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas yog lub zog hloov hluav taws xob. Hnub ci hlwb feem ntau yog silicon hlwb, uas tau muab faib ua peb hom: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells thiab amorphous silicon solar cells.
Roj teeb pob
Nws txoj haujlwm yog khaws cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm lub hnub ci cell array thaum nws tau teeb pom kev zoo thiab muab lub zog rau lub nra txhua lub sijhawm. Cov kev cai yooj yim rau cov roj teeb pob siv hauv lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yog: a. qis tus kheej tawm tus nqi; b. lub neej ua haujlwm ntev; c. muaj zog sib sib zog nqus paug muaj peev xwm; d. high charging efficiency; e. tsis tu ncua los yog tu-dawb; f. Ua haujlwm kub dav dav; g. tus nqi qis.
Tus tswj
Nws yog ib qho cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub roj teeb ntawm overcharging thiab overdischarging. Txij li thaum muaj pes tsawg lub voj voog ntawm kev them nqi thiab tso tawm thiab qhov tob ntawm qhov tso tawm ntawm lub roj teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm lub roj teeb, lub charger thiab paug tawm uas tuaj yeem tswj cov overcharge lossis overdischarge ntawm lub roj teeb pob yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb.
Inverter
Ib qho khoom siv uas hloov tam sim no ncaj qha mus rau qhov hloov pauv tam sim no. Txij li lub hnub ci hlwb thiab roj teeb yog DC lub zog,
Thaum lub load yog AC load, inverter yog qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li kev ua haujlwm hom, inverters tuaj yeem muab faib ua kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej inverters thiab kab sib txuas sib txuas. Stand-alone inverters yog siv nyob rau hauv stand-alone solar cell fais fab tshuab rau lub hwj chim stand-alone loads. Grid-connected inverters yog siv rau daim phiaj-txuas hnub ci lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob. Lub inverter yuav muab faib ua square wave inverter thiab sine yoj inverter raws li cov zis waveform. Lub square yoj inverter muaj ib qho yooj yim Circuit Court thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi, tab sis muaj ib tug loj harmonic tivthaiv. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuab hauv qab ob peb puas watts thiab nrog cov kev xav tau qis qis. Sine yoj inverters yog kim, tab sis tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam loads.
4. Kev faib tawm ntawm qhov system
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic tau muab faib ua kev ywj pheej photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, kab sib txuas nrog photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob thiab faib hluav taws xob photovoltaic tsim hluav taws xob.
1. Lub zog hluav taws xob photovoltaic tseem hu ua off-grid photovoltaic zog tsim. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hnub ci, cov tswj, thiab cov roj teeb. Txhawm rau muab lub zog rau AC load, AC inverter yuav tsum tau teeb tsa. Kev ywj pheej photovoltaic fais fab chaw muaj xws li lub zos fais fab mov systems nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb, hnub ci tsev fais fab mov systems, kev sib txuas lus teeb liab fais fab mov, cathodic tiv thaiv, hnub ci txoj kev teeb thiab lwm yam photovoltaic zog tsim tshuab nrog roj teeb uas muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm ntawm nws tus kheej.
2. Daim phiaj-txuas photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob txhais tau hais tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha tsim los ntawm hnub ci modules hloov mus rau hauv alternating tam sim no uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm daim phiaj tseem ceeb los ntawm daim phiaj-txuas inverter thiab tom qab ntawd txuas ncaj qha rau hauv daim phiaj pej xeem.
Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua kab sib txuas nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog thiab tsis muaj roj teeb. Daim phiaj sib txuas hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob nrog lub roj teeb tau teem sijhawm thiab tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lossis tshem tawm ntawm daim phiaj hluav taws xob raws li kev xav tau. Nws kuj muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaub qab, uas tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thaum daim phiaj hluav taws xob raug txiav tawm vim qee yam. Photovoltaic daim phiaj-txuas hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob nrog cov roj teeb feem ntau ntsia hauv cov tsev nyob; daim phiaj-txuas hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob tsis muaj roj teeb tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev xa tawm thiab lub zog thaub qab, thiab feem ntau ntsia rau ntawm cov tshuab loj. Grid-connected photovoltaic fais fab nroj tsuag muaj centralized loj-scale daim phiaj-txuas photovoltaic fais fab chaw nres tsheb, uas feem ntau yog lub teb chaws-theem fais fab chaw nres tsheb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab no tsis tau tsim ntau vim nws cov peev txheej loj, siv sijhawm ntev thiab thaj chaw loj. Kev faib hluav taws xob me me-sib txuas nrog photovoltaic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub tsev photovoltaic-integrated photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov phiajcim txuas nrog photovoltaic fais fab vim qhov zoo ntawm kev nqis peev me me, kev tsim kho sai, me me hneev taw, thiab kev txhawb zog txoj cai.
3. Distributed photovoltaic fais fab kev tsim hluav taws xob, tseem hu ua kev faib hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob, hais txog kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic me me ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv lossis ze ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv tshwj xeeb thiab txhawb nqa cov uas twb muaj lawm. faib network kev lag luam kev lag luam, lossis ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm ob qho tib si tib lub sijhawm.
4. Cov khoom siv yooj yim ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob muaj xws li photovoltaic cell Cheebtsam, photovoltaic square array brackets, DC combiner thawv, DC fais fab faib khoom, kab sib txuas inverters, AC fais fab faib txee thiab lwm yam khoom siv, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. saib xyuas cov cuab yeej thiab Environmental monitoring device. Nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm yog tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob, lub hnub ci cell module array ntawm photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob hloov cov zis hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub ci zog, thiab xa mus rau DC fais fab faib txee los ntawm DC lub thawv, thiab daim phiaj. -connected inverter converts nws mus rau hauv AC fais fab mov. Lub tsev nws tus kheej yog loaded, thiab cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau los yog tsis txaus yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm daim phiaj.
5. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Piv nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas nquag siv, qhov zoo ntawm hnub ci photovoltaic fais fab tuag yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv:
Hnub ci zog yog hu ua lub zog tshiab zoo tshaj plaws. ① Tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm depletion; ②Safe thiab txhim khu kev qha, tsis muaj suab nrov, tsis muaj paug paug, huv si kiag li (tsis muaj kuab paug); ③Nws tsis txwv los ntawm thaj chaw faib khoom, thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub tsev yuav siv tau; ④ Tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv roj thiab txhim kho cov kab sib txuas hauv zos thiab lub zog hluav taws xob; ⑤ Lub zog zoo; ⑥ Cov neeg siv tau yooj yim lees txais kev xav; ⑦ Lub sijhawm tsim kho yog luv, thiab lub sijhawm nws siv kom tau txais lub zog yog luv.
tsis txaus:
① Lub zog faib ceev ntawm irradiation yog me me, uas yog, nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug loj cheeb tsam; ② Lub zog tau txais muaj feem cuam tshuam rau plaub lub caij, nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, huab cua thiab tshav ntuj thiab lwm yam huab cua. Kev siv lub hnub ci zog los tsim hluav taws xob muaj cov cuab yeej siv siab, tab sis kev siv lub hnub ci zog tsawg, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem siv dav. Nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw tshwj xeeb, xws li satellites.
6. Cov chaw thov
1. Cov neeg siv hluav taws xob hnub ci: (1) Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me xws li 10-100W, siv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw deb tsis muaj hluav taws xob xws li toj siab, Islands tuaj, thaj chaw pastoral, ciam teb thiab lwm yam tub rog thiab pej xeem lub neej hluav taws xob, xws li teeb pom kev zoo , TV, tape recorders, thiab lwm yam .; (2) 3 -5KW tsev neeg lub ru tsev daim phiaj-txuas hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob; (3) Photovoltaic dej twj tso kua mis: daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev haus dej thiab irrigating qhov tob hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob.
2. Cov chaw khiav tsheb xws li teeb pom kev, teeb pom kev tsheb / tsheb ciav hlau, tsheb ceeb toom / teeb liab teeb pom kev zoo, Yuxiang txoj kev teeb, teeb pom kev siab siab, txoj kev loj / railway wireless xov tooj lub rooj muag khoom, tsis siv neeg txoj kev hloov hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam.
3. Kev sib txuas lus / kev sib txuas lus: hnub ci tsis tuaj yeem siv microwave relay chaw nres tsheb, kho qhov muag cable chaw nres tsheb, tshaj tawm / sib txuas lus / paging fais fab mov system; nyob deb nroog cab kuj xov tooj photovoltaic system, me me kev sib txuas lus tshuab, GPS fais fab mov rau cov tub rog, thiab lwm yam.
4. Petroleum, marine and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar power system for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, life and Emergency power supply for oil drilling platforms, marine detection equipment, meteorological/hydrological observation equipment, etc.
5. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov teeb hauv tsev: xws li cov teeb vaj tsev, teeb pom kev, teeb txawb, teeb mus pw hav zoov, teeb roob roob, nuv ntses teeb, teeb dub teeb, tapping teeb, lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam.
6. Photovoltaic fais fab chaw nres tsheb: 10KW-50MW ywj siab photovoltaic fais fab chaw nres tsheb, cua-hnub ci (diesel) ntxiv fais fab chaw nres tsheb, ntau qhov chaw nres tsheb loj loj them chaw nres tsheb, thiab lwm yam.
7. Cov vaj tsev hnub ci ua ke nrog lub hnub ci tsim hluav taws xob nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev kom ua kom cov tsev loj nyob rau yav tom ntej kom ua tiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau tus kheej, uas yog ib qho kev txhim kho loj rau yav tom ntej.
8. Lwm qhov chaw suav nrog: (1) Kev sib txuam nrog lub tsheb: lub hnub ci tsheb / tsheb fais fab, cov khoom siv roj teeb, lub tsheb cua txias, cua kiv cua, lub thawv dej txias, thiab lwm yam; (2) regenerative zog tsim tshuab rau hnub ci hydrogen ntau lawm thiab roj hlwb; (3) Seawater Desalination khoom siv fais fab mov; (4) Satellites, spacecraft, chaw hnub ci zog, thiab lwm yam.