Lub hnub ci hlwb yog ib hom photoelectric caij uas tuaj yeem hloov lub zog. Lawv cov qauv yooj yim yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas P-hom thiab N-hom semiconductors. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm semiconductors yog "silicon", uas tsis yog-conductive. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias sib txawv impurities ntxiv rau semiconductors, P-hom thiab N-hom semiconductors tuaj yeem ua. Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm P-hom semiconductor nrog lub qhov (P-hom semiconductor tsis muaj cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus nqi zoo ntxiv) thiab N-hom semiconductor nrog ib qho hluav taws xob dawb ntxiv yog siv rau tsim tam sim no. Yog li ntawd, thaum tshav ntuj ci, lub teeb lub zog excites lub electrons nyob rau hauv silicon atoms, thiab tsim convection ntawm electrons thiab qhov. Cov electrons thiab qhov no raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub peev xwm tsim thiab tau txais los ntawm N-hom thiab P-hom semiconductors feem, thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm ob qho kawg. Lub sijhawm no, yog tias sab nraud txuas nrog electrodes los tsim ib lub voj voog, qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob.
Hnub ci hlwb tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg raws li lawv lub xeev siv lead ua: crystalline nyias zaj duab xis hom thiab tsis-crystalline nyias zaj duab xis hom (tom qab no hu ua a-), thiab cov qub tau muab faib ua ib hom siv lead ua thiab polycrystalline hom.
Raws li cov khoom siv, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua silicon nyias zaj duab xis hom, compound semiconductor nyias zaj duab xis hom thiab organic zaj duab xis hom, thiab compound semiconductor nyias zaj duab xis yog ntxiv muab faib ua non-crystalline hom (a-Si: H, a-Si: H: F, a-SixGel-x: H, thiab lwm yam), IIIV pawg (GaAs, InP, thiab lwm yam), IIVI pawg (Cds series) thiab zinc phosphide (Zn3p2), thiab lwm yam.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv siv, lub hnub ci hlwb kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua: silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, polymer multilayer modified electrode solar cells, nanocrystalline solar cells, organic solar cells, plastic solar cells, of which silicon solar cells. hlwb yog cov paub tab tshaj plaws thiab dominate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov.
1. Silicon solar cells
Silicon solar cells muab faib ua peb hom: ib leeg siv lead ua silicon hnub ci hlwb, polycrystalline silicon nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci hlwb thiab amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci.
(1) Ib leeg siv lead ua silicon hnub ci hlwb muaj kev hloov pauv siab tshaj plaws thiab cov cuab yeej paub tab tshaj plaws. Qhov kev hloov pauv siab tshaj plaws hauv chav kuaj yog 24.7%, thiab qhov ua tau zoo hauv kev tsim khoom loj yog 15% (raws li xyoo 2011, nws yog 18%). Nws tseem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev siv loj thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam, tab sis vim yog tus nqi siab ntawm ib leeg-crystalline silicon, nws nyuaj rau txo nws cov nqi. Txhawm rau txuag cov ntaub ntawv silicon, polycrystalline silicon nyias zaj duab xis thiab amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis tau tsim los ua lwm txoj hauv kev rau ib leeg-crystalline silicon solar cells.
(2) Piv nrog ib leeg-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci hlwb yog pheej yig dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis. Nws qhov kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv kev hloov dua siab tshiab yog 18%, thiab kev hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam yog 10% (raws li xyoo 2011, nws yog 17%). Yog li ntawd, polycrystalline silicon nyias zaj duab xis hlwb yuav sai sai no nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci kev lag luam.
(3) Amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci hlwb yog tus nqi qis thiab lub teeb hauv qhov hnyav, nrog kev hloov pauv siab, yooj yim rau cov khoom loj, thiab muaj peev xwm zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias qhov photoelectric efficiency decay nyhuv tshwm sim los ntawm nws cov khoom, nws stability tsis siab, uas ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau nws cov tswv yim siv. Yog tias qhov teeb meem kev ruaj ntseg tuaj yeem daws tau ntxiv thiab qhov teeb meem hloov pauv tuaj yeem txhim kho, tom qab ntawd amorphous silicon solar cells yuav tsis ntseeg yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub ci.
2. Crystalline nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci hlwb
Polycrystalline nyias zaj duab xis hlwb Cadmium sulfide thiab cadmium telluride polycrystalline nyias zaj duab xis hlwb muaj ntau npaum li amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci hlwb, pheej yig dua monocrystalline silicon hlwb, thiab yooj yim rau loj tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, cadmium yog tshuaj lom heev thiab yuav ua rau muaj kuab paug ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws lwm txoj rau crystalline silicon solar cells.
Kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm gallium arsenide (GaAs) III-V compound hlwb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 28%. GaAs cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws optical band thiab kev ua haujlwm siab nqus, muaj zog tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, thiab tsis hnov tsw rau cua sov. Lawv tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib leeg-hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv GaAs yog siab, uas txwv tsis pub muaj koob meej ntawm GaAs hlwb.
Copper indium selenide nyias zaj duab xis hlwb (CIS luv luv) yog tsim rau photoelectric hloov dua siab tshiab, tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm lub teeb-induced degradation, thiab muaj tib conversion efficiency li polycrystalline silicon. Nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm tus nqi qis, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab cov txheej txheem yooj yim, nws yuav dhau los ua ib qho kev taw qhia tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov hnub ci hnub ci rau yav tom ntej. Qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb yog qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv. Txij li thaum indium thiab selenium yog cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom roj teeb no yog inevitably txwv.
3. Organic polymer solar cells
Hloov cov ntaub ntawv inorganic nrog cov organic polymers yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshiab uas tsim los rau kev tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci. Vim muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev tsim khoom yooj yim, cov khoom siv dav dav thiab cov nqi qis ntawm cov khoom siv organic, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv lub hnub ci loj thiab kev muab hluav taws xob pheej yig. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog kev npaj cov hnub ci hlwb nrog cov khoom siv organic tau nyuam qhuav pib. Txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem tsim kho rau hauv cov khoom lag luam uas muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tseem yuav tau kawm ntxiv thiab tshawb nrhiav.
4. Nanocrystalline hnub ci hlwb
Nanocrystalline solar cells tau tsim tshiab. Lawv qhov zoo yog lawv cov nqi qis, cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov. Lawv photoelectric efficiency yog ruaj khov ntawm ntau tshaj 10%, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tsuas yog 1/5 txog 1/10 ntawm silicon hnub ci hlwb. Lub neej ntev tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau tshaj 20 xyoo. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov roj teeb zoo li no nyuam qhuav pib, thiab lawv yuav maj mam nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam nyob rau yav tom ntej.